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TAX INCIDENCE: The ultimate payment of a tax. Many taxes are initially paid by one person, but passed along through production and consumption activities until it finally reaches someone else. An obvious example is the sales tax. While officially paid by the retail store (they write the check to the government), it's tacked on to the prices paid by consumers. Consumers, thus, bear the lion's share of most sales taxes. The incidence of other taxes is not quite so obvious. Some taxes are paid by producers early in production such as severance taxes on oil extraction without the knowledge of consumers, who end up paying through higher prices. As a general rule taxes are passed through the system until they reach someone (usually consumers) who can pass it no further.
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MONEY CREATION The process in which banks increase the amount of funds in checkable deposits (and thus the M1 money supply) by using reserves to make loans. Money creation is made possible through fractional-reserve banking. Because banks keep only a fraction of deposits as reserves, extra reserves can be used to back up and create additional checkable deposits (money) that did not previously exist. Government policy makers (the Federal Reserve System) rely on the money creation process when conducting monetary policy. Money creation by banks is a modern alternative to printing paper currency.
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Trading Some Ideas On EXCHANGE RATESOne potential problem with any far and wide ambling tour of the economy is ambling too far or too wide. Such is the case as we find ourselves in the quaint and courteous Republic of Northwest Queoldiola. While we're here, let's take the opportunity to explore the quaint and courteous economy of the Northwest Queoldiola. Our impromptu economic expedition is faced with an immediate roadblock. I have a pocket filled with good old U. S. dollar bills, but the quaint and courteous people of Northwest Queoldiola don't trade their wares for good old U. S. dollar bills. They prefer the quaint and courteous Northwest Queoldiolan currency, the queold. All we need to do is trade my good old U. S. dollar bills for quaint and courteous queolds.
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Visit the PEDestrian's Guide
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RED AGGRESSERINE
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time touring the new suburban shopping complex hoping to buy either a dozen high trajectory optic orange golf balls or a large red and white striped beach towel. Be on the lookout for broken fingernail clippers.
Your Complete Scope
This isn't me! What am I?
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During the American Revolution, the price of corn rose 10,000 percent, the price of wheat 14,000 percent, the price of flour 15,000 percent, and the price of beef 33,000 percent.
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"Many people think that if they were only in some other place, or had some other job, they would be happy. Well, that is doubtful. So get as much happiness out of what you are doing as you can and don't put off being happy until some future date. " -- Dale Carnegie
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AS-AD
Aggregate Supply-Aggregate Demand Model
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