A family of measures of the proportion of total output in an industry that is produced by a given number of the largest firms in the industry. The two most common concentration ratios are for the four largest firms and the eight largest firms. The four-firm concentration ratio is the proportion of total output produced by the four largest firms in the industry and the eight-firm concentration ratio is proportion of total output produced by the eight largest firms in the industry. Concentration ratios are commonly used to indicate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic and the extent of market control of the largest firms in the industry. A related measure is the Herfindahl index.

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The time has come to take a firm stand! The Shady Valley Gazette Tribune-Journal has published an inflammatory editorial calling for a "pedestrian" tax on anyone who ambles around the economy. This tax, as every pedestrian would surely agree, is misguided and short-sighted. It's also unfair and probably unconstitutional. How DARE the editors of the Shady Valley Gazette Tribune-Journal call for a "pedestrian" tax. Sure they argue that ambling pedestrians should help pay for the sidewalks, traffic signals, and other assorted public goods. But, it's certainly not in MY best interest as a pedestrian to pay this misguided, short-sighted, unfair, and probably unconstitutional tax.
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time touring the new suburban shopping complex looking to buy either a how-to book on home decorating or a set of luggage with wheels. Be on the lookout for attractive cable television service repair people.
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