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REALISM OF MONOPOLY: If taken to the extreme, monopoly, like perfect competition is an ideal market structure that does not actually exist in the real world. In the extreme, a "pure" monopoly is a market containing one and only ONE seller of good, a good with absolutely, positively no substitutes. The product is absolutely, certifiably unique. It's not just that it has no CLOSE substitutes, it has NO substitutes. Period. End of story. In the real world, however, every product, no matter how seemingly unique it might appear, has substitutes. The substitutes might not be very close. They might be really, really bad substitutes. But they are substitutes. As such, there are no pure monopolies in the real world.
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MARKET FOR LEMONS A market adversely selects only lower quality products for exchange. The market for lemons is an illustration of adverse selection that results from asymmetric information. In this market, because buyers have limited information they offer an average price based on the average quality of the goods. Sellers, however, with better information select to sell lower quality products but not higher quality ones. Two methods of address this problem are signalling and screening. Two related information problems are moral hazard and the principal-agent problem.
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BLACK DISMALAPOD
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing through a long list of dot com websites wanting to buy either decorative garden figurines or a wall poster commemorating last Friday (you know why). Be on the lookout for infected paper cuts.
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In the late 1800s and early 1900s, almost 2 million children were employed as factory workers.
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"The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet." -- Aristotle, Greek philosopher
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AVT
Ad Valorem Taxes
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