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TAX INCIDENCE: The ultimate payment of a tax. Many taxes are initially paid by one person, but passed along through production and consumption activities until it finally reaches someone else. An obvious example is the sales tax. While officially paid by the retail store (they write the check to the government), it's tacked on to the prices paid by consumers. Consumers, thus, bear the lion's share of most sales taxes. The incidence of other taxes is not quite so obvious. Some taxes are paid by producers early in production such as severance taxes on oil extraction without the knowledge of consumers, who end up paying through higher prices. As a general rule taxes are passed through the system until they reach someone (usually consumers) who can pass it no further.
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AGGREGATE EXPENDITURES EQUATION An equation that summarizes the four aggregate expenditures on gross domestic product by the four macroeconomic sectors. In the study of Keynesian economics, this equation is commonly used to summarize the demand side of the macroeconomy. The aggregate expenditures equation actually comes in three different versions depending on how many of the four sectors and their expenditures are included.
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BROWN PRAGMATOX
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time going from convenience store to convenience store hoping to buy either a T-shirt commemorating yesterday or a pair of handcrafted oven mitts. Be on the lookout for neighborhood pets, especially belligerent parrots.
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The first paper currency used in North America was pasteboard playing cards "temporarily" authorized as money by the colonial governor of French Canada, awaiting "real money" from France.
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"Do not wait; the time will never be just right " -- Napoleon Hill, author
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IIPF
International Institute of Public Finance
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