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CLOSED SHOP: An employment arrangement, usually written into a collective bargaining agreement, in which a firm is allowed to hire only labor union members. Because this gives a labor union complete control over the labor services supplied to a particular firm, it was one of the earliest methods used by labor unions to monopolized a labor market. However, closed shops were outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act passed in 1947 and has been largely supplanted by union shops.
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EIGHT-FIRM CONCENTRATION RATIO The proportion of total output in an industry produced by the eight largest firms in an industry. This is one of two common concentration ratios. The other is the eight-firm concentration ratio. Another related measure is the Herfindahl index. The eight-firm concentration ratio is commonly used to indicate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic and the extent of market control held by the eight largest firms in the industry.
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ORANGE REBELOON
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through mail order catalogs hoping to buy either a flower arrangement with anything but tulips for your grandfather or a birthday greeting card for your mother that doesn't look like a greeting card. Be on the lookout for attractive cable television service repair people.
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In his older years, Andrew Carnegie seldom carried money because he was offended by its sight and touch.
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"I know the price of success; dedication, hard work and an unremitting devotion to the things you want to see happen. " -- Frank Lloyd Wright, architect
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JEMS
Journal of Economics and Management Strategy
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