Services include productive activites that provide for the direct satisfaction without the production of tangible goods. Education, entertainment, medical care, and legal advice are all examples of services.

In contrast to the international trading of tangible goods, which typically requires transportation of the actual product, trading of intangible services usually involves consumption by vistors from other countries. For example, education services are exported when a foreign citizen attends classes at a domestic university. Alternatively, tourism services are imported when a domestic citizen spends a few days at a theme park in another country.

This part of the current account is also a part of the balance of trade. The balance of trade includes both the balance on services and the balance on merchandise trade and is officially termed the balance on goods and services in the balance of payments account. The third part of the current account is unilateral transfers. In addition to the current account, the balance of payments also includes the capital account, which tracks the flow of investment payments in to and out of a country.

Balance of Payments for Northwest Queoldiola

Balance on Services

The chart to the right presents the hypothetical balance of payments for Northwest Queoldiola stated in terms of queolds, the hypothetical Queoldiolan currency. The balance of payments for real world countries is generally stated in terms of their domestic currencies (such as dollars for the United States or reals for Brazil).

First note that this chart contains two major sections, Current Account and Capital Account. Near the bottom of the chart is a summary Balance of the Current and Capital Accounts, which combines the two sections. At the very bottom is the overall Balance of Payments.

Highlighting the Balance on Services

Key to this present discussion are payments for the exporting and importing of intangible services. The subset of the current account that tracks these flows can be highlighted with a click of the [Ser Bal] button. Note that this click highlights three lines in the balance of payments chart -- services exported, services imported, and balance on services.

• Services Exported: The first line summarizes payments received by Northwest Queoldiola for exporting intangible services to other countries, a value of 25.3 million queolds. This is a positive value because currency, queolds, is flowing in to the domestic Queoldiolan economy. Goods flow out and money flows in.


• Services Imported: The second line then summarizes payments paid out by Northwest Queoldiola for importing intangible services from countries, a value of -82.6 million queolds. This is a negative value because currency, queolds, is flowing out of the domestic Queoldiolan economy. Goods flow in and money flows out.


• Balance on Services: The third and last highlighted line is the summary balance on services. It is the sum of the 25.3 million queolds received for services exported and the -82.6 million queolds paid out for services imported, a net value of -57.3 million queolds. Some currency flows in and some flows out. For Northwest Queoldiola more is flowing out that is flowing in. This deficit of exports versus imports is just the thing that contributes to a balance of trade deficit. A positive value, in contrast, would contribute to a balance of trade surplus.

The Rest of the Current Account

• Balance on Merchandise Trade: This is the difference between the payments received for exports of merchandise trade to other nations and the payments made for the imports of merchandise trade from other nations. This includes only tangible goods. Once again a summary balance is provided for merchandise trade, which for Northwest Queoldiola is positive, meaning that it exports more goods than it imports.


• Unilateral Transfers: This is the difference between gifts or transfers received from other nations and transfers sent to other nations. In includes gifts or transfers between individuals, and perhaps more important, it includes transfers between governments. For Northwest Queoldiola transfers are positive because it receives more gifts from other countries than it gives out.

The Balance of Trade