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PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT: The acquisition of financial assets (which includes stock, bonds, deposits, and currencies) from one country in another country. In contrast to foreign direct investment, which is the acquisition of controlling interest in foreign firms and businesses, portfolio investment is foreign investment into the stock markets. Most economists consider foreign direct investment more useful than portfolio investment since this last one is generally regarded as temporal and can leave the foreign country at the first sign of trouble.
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TAXATION PRINCIPLES Taxes are the mandatory payments made by members of society to governments to finance government operations. The study of public finance identifies several key principles of taxation -- tax effects (revenue and allocation), tax proportionality (proportional, progressive, and regressive), tax payments (benefit and ability-to-pay), tax equity (horizontal and vertical).
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The first paper currency used in North America was pasteboard playing cards "temporarily" authorized as money by the colonial governor of French Canada, awaiting "real money" from France.
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"The ideals that have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully, have been kindness, beauty and truth. " -- Albert Einstein, physicist
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NAIRU
Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment
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