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VERTICAL EQUITY: A system of taxes that treats unequal people unequally. In other words, if you make the less income than someone else and pay fewer personal income taxes, then we have vertical equity.
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IN-KIND PAYMENTS A payment, usually in exchange for the productive efforts of resources, that takes the form of goods and services produced by the resource buyer rather than the economy's standard monetary unit (that is, dollars). In other words, resource owners are compensated with a portion of the output that they help to produce. The standard method of compensation, which is illustrated by the circular flow model, is for a firm to pay resource owners using money revenue received from selling its production. Hence most factor payments are monetary payments. However, in some circumstances firms and resource owners find it more convenient to use actual production for compensation, eliminating the sell-production-for-money step.
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The portion of aggregate output U.S. citizens pay in taxes (30%) is less than the other six leading industrialized nations -- Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, or Japan.
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"Failure is the opportunity to begin again, more intelligently. " -- Henry Ford, automobile manufacturer
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BIS
Bank for International Settlements
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