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LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION: Relative freedom of entry and exit ensures that, in the long run, every firm in a monopolistically competitive industry earns exactly a normal profit, receiving neither an economic profit, nor incurring an economic loss. This result is achieved because entry and exit affects the market supply curve, which affects the overall market price, each firm's demand curve, and the range or prices it can charge. Each firm's demand curve adjusts until the profit-maximizing price is exactly equal to average total cost (both short run and long run).
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PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM DIFFERENCES A principle stating that monopolistically competitive firms seek to maintain similarities between products at the same time they promote differences. Similarities enable substitutability, such that one firm can attract the buyers away from other firms. Differences enable uniqueness and market control, such that each firm has market control and is able to charge a higher price than achieved with perfect competition. This principle is also termed Hotelling's paradox.
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time looking for the new strip mall out on the highway hoping to buy either an AC adapter that works with your MPG player or rechargeable batteries. Be on the lookout for defective microphones.
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On a typical day, the United States Mint produces over $1 million worth of dimes.
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"After climbing a great hill, one finds many more hills to climb. " -- Nelson Mandela, president of South Africa
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