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LAFFER CURVE: The graphical inverted-U relation between tax rates and total tax collections by government. Developed by economist Arthur Laffer, the Laffer curve formed a key theoretical foundation for supply-side economics of President Reagan during the 1980s. It is based on the notion that government collects zero revenue if the tax rate is 0% and if the tax rate is 100%. At a 100% tax rate no one has the incentive to work, produce, and earn income, so there is no income to tax. As such, the optimum tax rate, in which government revenue is maximized, lies somewhere between 0% and 100%. This generates a curve shaped like and inverted U, rising from zero to a peak, then falling back to zero. If the economy is operating to the right of the peak, then government revenue can be increased by decreasing the tax rate. This was used to justify supply-side economic policies during the Reagan Administration, especially the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (Kemp-Roth Act).
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CARDINAL UTILITY The notion that utility--the satisfaction of wants and needs achieved through the consumption of goods and services--can be measured with numerical values (1, 2, 3, etc.) that are based on a benchmark scale. Cardinal utility presumes that satisfaction is a measurable characteristic of a person, like height or weight. The contrasting notion is ordinal utility, which is based on a ranking of preferences.
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In 1914, Ford paid workers who were age 22 or older $5 per day -- double the average wage offered by other car factories.
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"You can't use up creativity. The more you use, the more you have. " -- Maya Angelou, poet
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