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KALDOR-HICKS IMPROVEMENT: Based on the Kaldor-Hicks efficiency criterion, the notion that an action improves efficiency if the willingness to pay of those benefiting exceed the willingness to accept of those harmed. In other words, if those gains exceed those losses, or the benefits exceed the costs, then social welfare is improved and undertaking the action provides a net benefit to society. In other words, the winners can, in principle, compensate the losers for their loss, and still come out ahead. The actual compensation, however, is required. A contrasting condition for attaining efficiency is the Pareto improvement.
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UNDERGROUND ECONOMY Illegal and unreported market transactions and productive activity that escape the watchful eyes of official record keepers. By most estimates, a substantial amount of productive activity takes place in the underground economy of the United States. Of course, these are only estimates because such activity, by definition, goes unreported. If activity in the underground economy is added to official activity in the "overground" economy, then gross domestic product could be boosted by as much as 25 percent to 50 percent, or more. Inclusion of employment in the underground economy is also likely reduce the official unemployment rate by a few percentage points.
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BROWN PRAGMATOX [What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time wandering around the shopping mall wanting to buy either a weathervane with a cow on top or a box of multi-colored, plastic paper clips. Be on the lookout for jovial bank tellers. Your Complete Scope
This isn't me! What am I?
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Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen were the 1st Nobel Prize winners in Economics in 1969.
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"Few things can help an individual more than to place responsibility on him, and to let him know that you trust him. " -- Booker T. Washington, educator
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AFEA American Farm Economic Association
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