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ACTUAL INVESTMENT: Investment expenditures that the business sector actual undertakes during a given time period, including both planned investment and any unplanned inventory changes. This is a critical component of Keynesian economics and the analysis of macroeconomic equilibrium, which occurs when actual investment is equal to planned investment. The difference between planned and actual investment is unplanned investment, which is inventory changes caused by a difference between aggregate expenditures and aggregate output. Should actual and planned investment differ, then aggregate expenditures are not equal to aggregate output, and the macroeconomy is not in equilibrium.
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VOTING PROBLEMS Voting is a key source of government inefficiency because it can fail to provided leaders with a valid indication of society's preferences. Part of the inefficiency rests with utility-maximizing decisions of the voters, who choose rational ignorance (not to be informed) and rational abstention (not to participate), both of which lead to voter apathy and influential special interest groups. Part of the inefficiency rests with the voting process, which results in importance of the median voter, inconsistency of the voting paradox, and logrolling (vote-trading ) among voters.
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BEIGE MUNDORTLE
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at the confiscated property police auction looking to buy either a handcrafted spice rack or a cell phone case. Be on the lookout for bottles of barbeque sauce that act TOO innocent.
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On a typical day, the United States Mint produces over $1 million worth of dimes.
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"Executives who get there and stay suggest solutions when they present the problems. " -- Malcolm Forbes, business executive
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IV
Instrumental Variables
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