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TAX INCIDENCE: The ultimate payment of a tax. Many taxes are initially paid by one person, but passed along through production and consumption activities until it finally reaches someone else. An obvious example is the sales tax. While officially paid by the retail store (they write the check to the government), it's tacked on to the prices paid by consumers. Consumers, thus, bear the lion's share of most sales taxes. The incidence of other taxes is not quite so obvious. Some taxes are paid by producers early in production such as severance taxes on oil extraction without the knowledge of consumers, who end up paying through higher prices. As a general rule taxes are passed through the system until they reach someone (usually consumers) who can pass it no further.
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FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship used by society to produce consumer satisfying goods and services. Factors of production are also termed resources or scarce resources.
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The first U.S. fire insurance company was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 in Philadelphia.
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"I don't subscribe to the thesis, 'Let the buyer beware,' I prefer the disregarded one that goes, 'Let the seller be honest.'" -- Isaac Asimov, Author
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IJIO
International Journal of Industrial Organization
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