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BANK PANIC OF 1907: A relatively serious economic downturn, that is business-cycle contraction, in 1907 that was caused by serious, big-time, instability in the banking system. This major bank panic was so severe (the term depression is more applicable than recession) that it prompted Congress to establish the Federal Reserve System, which came into existence in 1913. See fractional-reserve banking.
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EFFECTIVE DEMAND A key conceptual notion of Keynesian economics stipulating that the aggregate expenditures on real production is based on existing or actual income rather than the income that would be generated with full employment of resources. Effective demand is embodied in the aggregate expenditures line, which has a positive slope, but a slope of less than one. This concept was proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus in the early 1800s as a counter argument to Say's law found in classical economics and then found new life when John Maynard Keynes developed his theory in the 1930s.
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The portion of aggregate output U.S. citizens pay in taxes (30%) is less than the other six leading industrialized nations -- Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, or Japan.
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"Man is born to live, not to prepare for life. " -- Boris Pasternak, writer
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JF
Journal of Finance
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