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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST CURVE: A curve depicting the per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs are variable. The long-run average cost curve (usually abbreviated LRAC) can be derived in two ways. On is to plot long-run average cost, which is, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. at different output levels. The more common method, however, is as an envelope of an infinite number of short-run average total cost curves. Such an envelope is base on identifying the point on each short-run average total cost curve that provides the lowest possible average cost for each quantity of output. The long-run average cost curve is U-shaped, reflecting economies of scale (or increasing returns to scale) when negatively-sloped and diseconomies of scale (or decreasing returns to scale) when positively sloped. The minimum point (or range) on the LRAC curve is the minimum efficient scale.
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INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND The relative response of a change in demand to a change in income. More specifically the income elasticity of demand is the percentage change in demand due to a percentage change in buyers' income. This notion of elasticity captures the buyers' income demand determinant. Three other notable elasticities are the price elasticity of demand, the price elasticity of supply, and the cross elasticity of demand.
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BROWN PRAGMATOX
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a crowded estate auction seeking to buy either a large green chalkboard shaped like the state of Maine or a replacement battery for your pocket calculator. Be on the lookout for cardboard boxes.
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General Electric is the only stock from the original 1896 Dow Jones Industrial Average remaining in the current index.
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"In a time of drastic change, it is the learners who inherit the future. " -- Eric Hoffer, philosopher
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ACIR
Advisory Council on Intergovernmental Relations
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