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ACCOUNTING COST: The actual outlays or expenses incurred in production that shows up a firm's accounting statements or records. Accounting costs, while very important to accountants, company CEOs, shareholders, and the Internal Revenue Service, is only minimally important to economists. The reason is that economists are primarily interested in economic cost (also called opportunity cost). That fact is that accounting costs and economic costs aren't always the same. An opportunity or economic cost is the value of foregone production. Some economic costs, actually a lot of economic opportunity costs, never show up as accounting costs. Moreover, some accounting costs, while legal, bonified payments by a firm, are not associated with any sort of opportunity cost.
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ECONOMIES OF SCALE Declining long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. Economies of scale result from increasing returns to scale and are graphically illustrated by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. Economies of scale usually occur for relatively small levels of production and are then overwhelmed by diseconomies of scale for relatively large production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale create a U-shaped long-run average cost curve.
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GREEN LOGIGUIN
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time looking for the new strip mall out on the highway seeking to buy either storage boxes for your winter clothes or several magazines on time travel. Be on the lookout for broken fingernail clippers.
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Only 1% of the U.S. population paid income taxes when the income tax was established in 1914.
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"How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world. " -- Anne Frank, diarist
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SPSS
Statistical Product and Service Solutions, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (software)
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