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DIAMOND-WATER PARADOX: The perplexing observation that water, which is more useful than diamonds, has a lower price. If price is related to utility, how can this occur? This paradox was first proposed by classical economists in the 19th century and was subsequently used as a stepping stone for developing the notion of marginal utility and the role it plays in the demand price of a good. The paradox is magically cleared up with an understanding of marginal utility and total utility. People are willing to pay a higher price for goods with greater marginal utility. As such, water which is plentiful has enormous total utility, but a low price because of a low marginal utility. Diamonds, however, have less total utility because they are less plentiful, but a high price because of a high marginal utility.
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CONCENTRATION RATIOS A family of measures of the proportion of total output in an industry that is produced by a given number of the largest firms in the industry. The two most common concentration ratios are for the four largest firms and the eight largest firms. The four-firm concentration ratio is the proportion of total output produced by the four largest firms in the industry and the eight-firm concentration ratio is proportion of total output produced by the eight largest firms in the industry. Concentration ratios are commonly used to indicate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic and the extent of market control of the largest firms in the industry. A related measure is the Herfindahl index.
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YELLOW CHIPPEROON
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time flipping through the yellow pages seeking to buy either a birthday greeting card for your mother that doesn't look like a greeting card or a handcrafted spice rack. Be on the lookout for door-to-door salesmen.
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This isn't me! What am I?
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The portrait on the quarter is a more accurate likeness of George Washington than that on the dollar bill.
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"There is no twilight zone of honesty in business. A thing is right or it's wrong. It's black or it's white. " -- John F. Dodge, automaker
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CDF
Cumulative Distribution Function
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