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INJECTION LINE: A line used in the injection-leakage model representing the relation between non-consumption expenditures (that is, injections) and national income. The three injections are investment expenditures, government purchases, and exports. The foundation of the injection line is the investment line, which is then enhanced by adding government purchases and exports. The other part of the injection-leakage model is a line representing leakages. The intersection of the injection and leakage lines identifies equilibrium aggregate output, or Keynesian equilibrium.

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CONCENTRATION RATIOS

A family of measures of the proportion of total output in an industry that is produced by a given number of the largest firms in the industry. The two most common concentration ratios are for the four largest firms and the eight largest firms. The four-firm concentration ratio is the proportion of total output produced by the four largest firms in the industry and the eight-firm concentration ratio is proportion of total output produced by the eight largest firms in the industry. Concentration ratios are commonly used to indicate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic and the extent of market control of the largest firms in the industry. A related measure is the Herfindahl index.

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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing about a thrift store hoping to buy either semi-gloss photo paper that works with your neighbor's printer or a birthday gift for your father that doesn't look like every other birthday gift for your father. Be on the lookout for the last item on a shelf.
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Paper money used by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts prior to the U.S. Revolutionary War, which was issued against the dictates of Britain, was designed by patriot and silversmith, Paul Revere.
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