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INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION: The manner in which a market or industry is organized or structured, especially in terms of the competitiveness of the firms making up the market or industry. This phrase is also used to mean the economic study of the organization or an industry. When used for the competitiveness of a market, the term market structure can be used interchangeably. Industrial organization is concerned with the competitiveness of market, what this means for market control by buyers or sellers, and how this affects the efficiency of production.
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INJECTIONS-LEAKAGES MODEL A macroeconomic model that balances non-consumption expenditures on production (injections) and non-consumption uses of income (leakages) that is used to identify the equilibrium level of, and analyze disruptions to, aggregate production and income. The injections-leakages model is based on the principles of Keynesian economics and provides an alternative to the standard aggregate expenditures (Keynesian cross) analysis. The three injections included in the model are investment expenditures, government purchases, and exports. The three leakages included in the model are saving, taxes, and imports. Three variations are the two-sector injections-leakages model (or saving-investment model), three-sector injections-leakages model, and four-sector injections-leakages model.
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In 1914, Ford paid workers who were age 22 or older $5 per day -- double the average wage offered by other car factories.
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"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle." -- Albert Einstein
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OAS
Organization of American States
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