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CLOSED SHOP: An employment arrangement, usually written into a collective bargaining agreement, in which a firm is allowed to hire only labor union members. Because this gives a labor union complete control over the labor services supplied to a particular firm, it was one of the earliest methods used by labor unions to monopolized a labor market. However, closed shops were outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act passed in 1947 and has been largely supplanted by union shops.
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EFFICIENT The state of resource allocation that exists when the highest level of consumer satisfaction is achieved from available resources. This state can be accomplished through markets when the price buyers are willing and able to pay for a good--based on the satisfaction obtained--is equal to the price sellers need to charge for a good--based on the opportunity cost of production.
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Two and a half gallons of oil are needed to produce one automobile tire.
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"Nothing will ever be attempted if all possible objections must first be overcome. " -- Samuel Johnson, essayist, critic, lexicographer
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ADV Ad Valorem
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