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LAFFER CURVE: The graphical inverted-U relation between tax rates and total tax collections by government. Developed by economist Arthur Laffer, the Laffer curve formed a key theoretical foundation for supply-side economics of President Reagan during the 1980s. It is based on the notion that government collects zero revenue if the tax rate is 0% and if the tax rate is 100%. At a 100% tax rate no one has the incentive to work, produce, and earn income, so there is no income to tax. As such, the optimum tax rate, in which government revenue is maximized, lies somewhere between 0% and 100%. This generates a curve shaped like and inverted U, rising from zero to a peak, then falling back to zero. If the economy is operating to the right of the peak, then government revenue can be increased by decreasing the tax rate. This was used to justify supply-side economic policies during the Reagan Administration, especially the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (Kemp-Roth Act).
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RISK NEUTRALITY A preference for risk in which a person is indifferent between guaranteed or certain income over risky income. Risk neutrality arises due to constant marginal utility of income. A risk neutral person has no preference for or against risk. This is one of three risk preferences. The other two are risk aversion and risk loving.
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The Dow Jones family of stock market price indexes began with a simple average of 11 stock prices in 1884.
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"Look at everything as though you were seeing it either for the first or last time. Then your time on earth will be filled with glory." -- Betty Smith, Novelist
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NYBOR New York Interbank Offered Rate
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