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ANTITRUST LAWS: A series of laws passed by the U. S. government that tries to maintain competition and prevent businesses from getting a monopoly or otherwise obtaining and exerting market control. The first of these, the Sherman Antitrust Act, was passed in 1890. Two others, the Clayton Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act, were enacted in 1914. These laws impose all sorts of restrictions on business ownership, control, mergers, pricing, and how businesses go about competing (or cooperating) with each other.
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INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE A given proportional change in all resources in the long run results in a proportional greater change in production. Increasing returns to scale exists if a firm increases ALL resources--labor, capital, and other inputs--by a given proportion (say 10 percent) and output increases by more than this proportion (that is more than 10 percent). This is one of three returns to scale. The other two are decreasing returns to scale and constant returns to scale.
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BEIGE MUNDORTLE
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a dollar discount store hoping to buy either a blue mechanical pencil or super soft, super cuddly, stuffed animals. Be on the lookout for crowded shopping malls.
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The wealthy industrialist, Andrew Carnegie, was once removed from a London tram because he lacked the money needed for the fare.
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"I can't change the direction of the wind, but I can adjust my sails to always reach my destination." -- Jimmy Dean
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NBER
National Bureau of Economic Research
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