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PERFECT COMPETITION, LONG-RUN PRODUCTION ANALYSIS: In the long run, a perfectly competitive firm adjusts plant size, or the quantity of capital, to maximize long-run profit. In addition, the entry and exit of firms into and out of a perfectly competitive market guarantees that each perfectly competitive firm earns nothing more or less than a normal profit. As a perfectly competitive industry reacts to changes in demand, it traces out positive, negative, or horizontal long-run supply curve due to increasing, decreasing, or constant cost.
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CARDINAL UTILITY The notion that utility--the satisfaction of wants and needs achieved through the consumption of goods and services--can be measured with numerical values (1, 2, 3, etc.) that are based on a benchmark scale. Cardinal utility presumes that satisfaction is a measurable characteristic of a person, like height or weight. The contrasting notion is ordinal utility, which is based on a ranking of preferences.
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A half gallon milk jug holds about $50 in pennies.
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"You don't have to be a fantastic hero to do certain things - to compete. You can be just an ordinary chap, sufficiently motivated to reach challenging goals." -- Sir Edmund Hillary, Explorer
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IV
Instrumental Variables
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