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REALISM OF MONOPOLY: If taken to the extreme, monopoly, like perfect competition is an ideal market structure that does not actually exist in the real world. In the extreme, a "pure" monopoly is a market containing one and only ONE seller of good, a good with absolutely, positively no substitutes. The product is absolutely, certifiably unique. It's not just that it has no CLOSE substitutes, it has NO substitutes. Period. End of story. In the real world, however, every product, no matter how seemingly unique it might appear, has substitutes. The substitutes might not be very close. They might be really, really bad substitutes. But they are substitutes. As such, there are no pure monopolies in the real world.
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PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY The relative response of a change in quantity supplied to a change in price. More specifically the price elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantity supplied due to a percentage change in price. This notion of elasticity captures the supply side of the market. A comparable elasticity on the demand side is the price elasticity of demand. Other notable supply elasticities are income elasticity of demand and cross elasticity of demand.
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Only 1% of the U.S. population paid income taxes when the income tax was established in 1914.
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"The art of leadership is saying no, not yes. It is very easy to say yes. " -- Tony Blair, British prime minister
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IRPP
Institute for Research on Public Policy
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