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PARETO EFFICIENCY: A type of efficiency that results if one person can not be made better off without making someone else worse off. Named after Vilfredo Pareto, this criterion is the guiding theoretical notion of efficiency used in the study of economics, especially welfare economics. Pareto efficiency is generally not attained if some resources are idle or unemployed. By engaging idle resources in production, some people can have more production without reducing that available to others. A problem with Pareto efficiency, however, is that it is based on the existing distribution of income and wealth. This is one of two noted efficiency criteria used in economics. The other is Kaldor-Hicks efficiency.
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NONPAYER EXCLUDABILITY Whether or not nonpayers can be excluded from consuming a good. In other words, can those who do not pay for a good be excluded from consuming the good. Nonpayer excludability is based on the ability to possess and transfer property rights or ownership of a good. For some goods, nonpayers can be easily excluded from consumption because property rights are well-defined and easily controlled. For other goods nonpayers cannot be easily excluded from consumption because property rights are not well-defined and cannot be easily controlled. When combined with consumption rivalry, the result is four alternative types of goods -- private, public, common-property, and near-public.
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PURPLE SMARPHIN
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time going from convenience store to convenience store hoping to buy either storage boxes for your computer software CDs or a set of tires. Be on the lookout for small children selling products door-to-door.
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Three-forths of the gold mined each year is used to manufacture jewelry.
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"No task is a long one but the task on which one dare not start: It becomes a nightmare. " -- Charles Baudelaire, poet-critic
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JEL
Journal of Economic Literature
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