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BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: This was actually two central banks that preceded the Federal Reserve System as the nation's monetary authority. The First Bank of the United States, under the design of Alexander Hamilton, commenced operations in 1791, almost immediately after the U.S. Constitution was written and George Washington became the first U.S. President. Its charter was not renewed and it ceased to operate in 1811. Financial instability resulting from the absence of a central bank over the next few years prompted the formation of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. The Second Bank's performance, however, was somewhat more suspect. When it knocked heads with President Andrew Jackson, a strong critic of central banking, the Second Bank ceased to be in 1836.
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ECONOMIES OF SCALE Declining long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. Economies of scale result from increasing returns to scale and are graphically illustrated by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. Economies of scale usually occur for relatively small levels of production and are then overwhelmed by diseconomies of scale for relatively large production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale create a U-shaped long-run average cost curve.
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BLUE PLACIDOLA
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for rummage sales wanting to buy either an AC adapter for your CD player or storage boxes for your family photos. Be on the lookout for celebrities who speak directly to you through your television.
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Much of the $15 million used by the United States to finance the Louisiana Purchase from France was borrowed from European banks.
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"Nothing will ever be attempted if all possible objections must first be overcome. " -- Samuel Johnson, essayist, critic, lexicographer
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GATT
General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade
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