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INJECTION: A non-consumption expenditure on gross domestic product, including investment expenditures, government purchases, and exports. Injections are combined with leakages in the injection-leakage model used to identify equilibrium aggregate output in Keynesian economics. The notion of injection is best viewed through the circular flow, in which investment expenditures, government purchases, and exports are "injected" into the main flow between output, factor payments, national income, and consumption.
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MARKET FAILURES Imperfections in the exchange process between buyers and sellers that prevent markets from efficiently allocating scarce resources. Market failures come in four varieties -- public goods, market control, externalities, and imperfect information. Market efficiency is achieved if the value of goods produced is equal to the value of foregone production. Markets fail when this efficiency condition is not achieved. Such failures can only be corrected by government intervention.
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ORANGE REBELOON
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time surfing the Internet seeking to buy either a coffee cup commemorating next Thursday or a replacement remote control for your stereo system. Be on the lookout for gnomes hiding in cypress trees.
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In the Middle Ages, pepper was used for bartering, and it was often more valuable and stable in value than gold.
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"The truth is not for all men, but only for those who seek it. " -- Ayn Rand, writer
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MC
Marginal Cost
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