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ECONOMIES OF SCALE: Declining long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. This is graphically illustrated by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve and typically occurs for relatively small levels of production. Economies of scale are then overwhelmed by diseconomies of scale for relatively large production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale cause the long-run average cost curve to be U-shaped.
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PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION Slight differences that exist between two or more goods that are essentially the same and which satisfy the same basic want or need. This is generally pursued in monopolistic competition and oligopoly by firms seeking to increase sales and profit. Many of the best known businesses in the economy practice product differentiation to gain an advantage on the competition and to acquire a bit of market control. For example, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola are very similar, but each has a few differences in terms of taste, packaging, and esteem.
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BLUE PLACIDOLA
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at the confiscated property police auction trying to buy either a Boston Red Sox baseball cap or a square lamp shade with frills along the bottom. Be on the lookout for empty parking spaces that appear to be near the entrance to a store.
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Before 1933, the U.S. dime was legal as payment only in transactions of $10 or less.
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"Do you want to be safe and good, or do you want to take a chance and be great?" -- Jimmy Johnson, Football Coach
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JE
Journal of Econometrics
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