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SHORT-RUN PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVES: A firm faces three production options in the short run based on a comparison between price, average total cost, and average variable cost. If price is greater than average total cost, a firm earns an economic profit by producing the quantity that equates marginal revenue with marginal cost. If price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost, a firm incurs an economic loss, but produces the quantity that equates marginal revenue with marginal cost. If price is less than average variable cost, a firm shuts down production in the short run, incurring an economic loss equal to total fixed cost.
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OLIGOPOLY, CONCENTRATION Oligopoly is a market structure that contains a small number of relatively large firms, meaning oligopoly markets tend to be concentrated. A small number of large firms account for a majority of total output. Concentration unto itself is not necessarily bad, but it often leads to inefficient behavior, such as collusion and nonprice competition. Concentration is measured in three ways--market share, concentration ratio, Herfindahl index.
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BLUE PLACIDOLA
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time at a dollar discount store wanting to buy either an AC adapter for your CD player or storage boxes for your family photos. Be on the lookout for telephone calls from former employers.
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In the Middle Ages, pepper was used for bartering, and it was often more valuable and stable in value than gold.
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"Be civil to all; sociable to many; familiar with few; friend to one; enemy to none. " -- Benjamin Franklin, statesman
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WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
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