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EXCESS CAPACITY: A condition that exists when monopolistic competition achieves long-run equilibrium such that production by each firm is less than minimum efficient scale. The implication of this condition is that each firm is not producing up to its fullest capacity, as would be the case under perfect competition, and thus more firms are need to produce total market output compared to perfect competition. Excess capacity results because market control means a monopolistically competitive firm faces a negatively-sloped demand curve. Long-run equilibrium is thus achieved by the tangency of the negatively-sloped demand curve and the long-run average cost curve, which results in economies to scale.
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LONG-RUN MARGINAL COST The change in the long-run total cost of producing a good or service resulting from a change in the quantity of output produced. Like all marginals, long-run marginal cost is an increment of the corresponding total. It is the change in long-run total cost divided by, or resulting from, a change in quantity. Long-run marginal cost is guided by returns to scale rather than marginal returns.
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In the Middle Ages, pepper was used for bartering, and it was often more valuable and stable in value than gold.
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"Give the American people a good cause, and there's nothing they can't lick. " -- John Wayne, actor
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JEH
Journal of Economic History
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