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ASSUMPTIONS, KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS: The macroeconomic study of Keynesian economics relies on three key assumptions--rigid prices, effective demand, and savings-investment determinants. First, rigid or inflexible prices prevent some markets from achieving equilibrium in the short run. Second, effective demand means that consumption expenditures are based on actual income, not full employment or equilibrium income. Lastly, important savings and investment determinants include income, expectations, and other influences beyond the interest rate. These three assumptions imply that the economy can achieve a short-run equilibrium at less than full-employment production.
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ECONOMIES OF SCALE Declining long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. Economies of scale result from increasing returns to scale and are graphically illustrated by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. Economies of scale usually occur for relatively small levels of production and are then overwhelmed by diseconomies of scale for relatively large production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale create a U-shaped long-run average cost curve.
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YELLOW CHIPPEROON
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing through a long list of dot com websites hoping to buy either a 50-foot blue garden hose or a turbo-powered vacuum cleaner. Be on the lookout for jovial bank tellers.
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A half gallon milk jug holds about $50 in pennies.
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"In war, there is no second prize for the runner-up." -- Omar Bradley, US Army general
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