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PERFECT COMPETITION, REALISM: Perfect competition is an idealized market structure that does NOT exist in the real world. While some real world industries might come relatively close to one or two of the four key characteristics of perfect competition, none matches all four sufficiently that they can be declared PERFECTLY competitively. Some industries come close on the large number of small firms and the identical product characteristics. A few industries have relatively good, although not perfect, information about prices and technology. However, almost all industries fall far short of the perfect mobility characteristics.
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ECONOMIES OF SCALE Declining long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. Economies of scale result from increasing returns to scale and are graphically illustrated by a negatively-sloped long-run average cost curve. Economies of scale usually occur for relatively small levels of production and are then overwhelmed by diseconomies of scale for relatively large production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale create a U-shaped long-run average cost curve.
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ORANGE REBELOON
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time strolling through a department store seeking to buy either a replacement battery for your pocket calculator or a how-to book on home remodeling. Be on the lookout for neighborhood pets, especially belligerent parrots.
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This isn't me! What am I?
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Al Capone's business card said he was a used furniture dealer.
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"I was always looking outside myself for strength and confidence, but it comes from within. It is there all the time. " -- Anna Freud, psychologist
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Quantitative Restriction
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