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July 18, 2025 

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ELASTICITY AND DEMAND SLOPE: The slope of a straight-line demand curve, one with a constant slope, has constantly change elasticity. No two points on a straight-line demand curve as the same elasticity. The point of intersection between the demand curve and the vertical, price axis is perfectly elastic (E = ∞). The intersection point between the demand curve and the horizontal, quantity axis is perfectly inelastic (E = 0). The exact middle, or midpoint, of the demand curve is unit elastic (E = 1). The segment between the midpoint and the price-axis intercept is relatively elastic (1 < E < ∞). The segment between the midpoint and the quantitY-axis intercept is relatively inelastic (0 < E < 1).

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SUBSTITUTE: In terms of demand (that is, substitute-in-consumption), one of two goods that replace each other in consumption such that an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in demand and a rightward shift in the demand curve for the other good. If the demand of good 1 increases as the price of good 2 increases, the goods are substitutes-in-consumption. In terms of supply (that is, substitute-in-production), one of two goods that replace each other in either producing using the same resources in an either/or fashion, such that an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in supply and a leftward shift in the supply curve for the other good. If the supply of good 1 decreases as the price of good 2 increases, the goods are substitutes-in-production.

     See also | demand | supply | substitute-in-consumption | substitute-in-production | consumption | production | demand curve | supply curve | demand determinants | supply determinants | demand shock | supply shock | comparative statics | elasticity |


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KEYNESIAN AGGREGATE SUPPLY CURVE

An aggregate supply curve--a graphical representation of the relation between real production and the price level--that reflects the basic principles of Keynesian economics. The Keynesian aggregate supply curve actually comes in two versions. The basic version is reverse-L shaped, with a horizontal segment connected to a vertical segment at a sharp corner. The modified version is also reverse-L shaped, but the vertical and horizontal segments have positive slopes and connecting corner is rounded. An alternative is the classical aggregate supply curve.

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