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PARETO EFFICIENCY: A type of efficiency that results if one person can not be made better off without making someone else worse off. Named after Vilfredo Pareto, this criterion is the guiding theoretical notion of efficiency used in the study of economics, especially welfare economics. Pareto efficiency is generally not attained if some resources are idle or unemployed. By engaging idle resources in production, some people can have more production without reducing that available to others. A problem with Pareto efficiency, however, is that it is based on the existing distribution of income and wealth. This is one of two noted efficiency criteria used in economics. The other is Kaldor-Hicks efficiency.
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SHUTDOWN RULE A rule stating that a firm minimizes economic loss by producing no output in the short run if price is less than average variable cost. This is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximization (if price exceeds average total cost) and loss minimization (if price is less than average total cost but greater than average variable cost).
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GRAY SKITTERY
[What's This?]
Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for rummage sales looking to buy either a half-dozen helium filled balloons or a packet of address labels large enough for addresses of both the sender and the recipient. Be on the lookout for defective microphones.
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This isn't me! What am I?
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The standard "debt" notation I.O.U. does not mean "I owe you," but actually stands for "I owe unto..."
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"Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them." -- Ann Landers, columnist
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IIPF
International Institute of Public Finance
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