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FOREIGN EXCHANGE: Any financial instrument that gives one country a claim on the currency of another country and which is used to make payments between countries. The most important type of foreign exchange is currency itself, that is, the currency of other countries. However foreign exchange also includes things like bank checks and "bills of exchange" (a sort of contract that's paid for with the currency of one nation that can be then traded for the currency of another country).
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SHORTAGE A condition in the market in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at the existing price. Because buyers are unable to buy as much of the good as they want, a shortage generally causes an increase in the market price, which then acts to restore equilibrium. A shortage, which also goes by the terms excess demand and sellers' market, is one of two basic states of disequilibrium for the market. The other is surplus.
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A communal society, a prime component of Karl Marx's communist philosophy, was advocated by the Greek philosophy Plato.
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"You can't use up creativity. The more you use, the more you have. " -- Maya Angelou, poet
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BOJ
Bank of Japan
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