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LOCAL OUTPUT: An output that has a relatively small geographic market area due to the high cost of transportation. The high transportation cost means it is easier (that is, less expensive) to locate consumers near the output rather than trying to bring the output to the consumers. Like many things, local outputs are a matter of degree. At the other end of the spectrum lies transferrable outputs. Services, such as legal advice, health care, and entertainment, that are consumed as they are produced, tend to have a great deal of local orientation.
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U-SHAPED COST CURVES The family of short-run cost curves consisting of average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost, all of which have U-shapes. Each is U-shaped because it begins with relatively high but falling cost for small quantities of output, reaches a minimum value, then has rising cost at large quantities of output. Although the average fixed cost curve is not U-shaped, it is occasionally included with the other three just for sake of completeness.
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BLUE PLACIDOLA
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time browsing about a thrift store trying to buy either a rechargeable flashlight or storage boxes for your computer software CDs. Be on the lookout for letters from the Internal Revenue Service.
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During the American Revolution, the price of corn rose 10,000 percent, the price of wheat 14,000 percent, the price of flour 15,000 percent, and the price of beef 33,000 percent.
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"An organization's ability to learn, and translate that learning into action rapidly, is the ultimate competitive business advantage. " -- Jack Welch, General Electric chief executive
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JPE
Journal of Political Economy
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