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VERTICAL INTEGRATION: The situation in which a firm participates in more than one successive stage of the production or distribution process. For example a soft drink company that also controls a sugar-producing firm is said to be vertically integrated because the soft drink company does not have to buy sugar from other firms to produce soft drinks. In some cases, two separate firms are vertically integrate because one firm produces a good or service and the other distributes it.
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EXPENDITURES MULTIPLIER A measure of the change in aggregate production caused by changes in an autonomous expenditure. The expenditures multiplier is the inverse of one minus the slope of the aggregate expenditures line. The simple expenditures multiplier includes ONLY induced consumption. More complex expenditures multipliers include other induced components. Two related multipliers are the tax multiplier, which measures the change in aggregate production caused by changes in taxes, and the balanced-budget multiplier which measures the change in aggregate production from equal changes in both taxes and government purchases.
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A scripophilist is one who collects rare stock and bond certificates, usually from extinct companies.
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"If football taught me anything about business, it is that you win the game one play at a time." -- Fran Tarkenton, Football Player
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LAD
Least Absolute Deviations
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