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DEMAND-PULL INFLATION: Demand-pull inflation places responsibility for inflation squarely on the shoulders of increases in aggregate demand. This type of inflation results when the four macroeconomic sectors (household, business, government, and foreign) collectively try to purchase more output that the economy is capable of producing. In general, increasing aggregate demand means buyers want more production than the economy is able to provide. Then end result is that buyers bid up the price of existing production. The extra demand "pulls" the price level higher. You might want to compare demand-pull inflation with cost-push inflation.
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CONSUMER SURPLUS The satisfaction that consumers obtain from a good over and above the price paid. This is the difference between the maximum demand price that buyers are willing to pay and the price that they actually pay. A related notion from the supply side of the market is producer surplus.
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Three-forths of the gold mined each year is used to manufacture jewelry.
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"Success doesn't come to you . . . you go to it " -- Marva Collins, Educator
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OAPEC
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
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