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LONG-RUN AVERAGE COST: The per unit cost of producing a good or service in the long run when all inputs are variable. In other words, long-run total cost divided by the quantity of output produced. Long-run average cost is based on economies of scale (or increasing returns to scale) and diseconomies of scale (or decreasing returns to scale).
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DISECONOMIES OF SCALE Increasing long-run average cost that occurs as a firm increases all inputs and expands its scale of production. Diseconomies of scale result from decreasing returns to scale and are graphically illustrated by a positively-sloped long-run average cost curve. Diseconomies of scale usually occur for relatively large levels of production and overwhelm economies of scale that occurs at relatively small production levels. Together, economies of scale and diseconomies of scale create a U-shaped long-run average cost curve.
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Today, you are likely to spend a great deal of time searching for a specialty store hoping to buy either a printer that works with your stockpile of ink cartridges or income tax software. Be on the lookout for rusty deck screws.
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In the late 1800s and early 1900s, almost 2 million children were employed as factory workers.
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"Success is going from failure to failure without a loss of enthusiasm. " -- Winston Churchill, British statesman
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